David Graeber

Now in paperback, the updated and expanded edition: David Graeber’s “fresh . . . fascinating . . . thought-provoking . . . and exceedingly timely” (Financial Times) history of debt Here anthropologist David Graeber presents a stunning reversal of conventional wisdom: he shows that before there was money, there was debt. For more than 5,000 years, since the beginnings of the first agrarian empires, humans have used elaborate credit systems to buy and sell goods—that is, long before the invention of coins or cash. It is in this era, Graeber argues, that we also first encounter a society divided into debtors and creditors. Graeber shows that arguments about debt and debt forgiveness have been at the center of political debates from Italy to China, as well as sparking innumerable insurrections. He also brilliantly demonstrates that the language of the ancient works of law and religion (words like “guilt,” “sin,” and “redemption”) derive in large part from ancient debates about debt, and shape even our most basic ideas of right and wrong. We are still fighting these battles today without knowing it.

Best-seller d’un anthropologue américain et théoricien anarchiste influent, initiateur d’Occupy Wall Street en 2011, David Graeber propose dans ce livre une lecture qui contredit le récit économique classique : selon lui, le crédit précède la monnaie et la dette structure depuis toujours nos systèmes économiques et nos rapports sociaux, bien avant le troc. Il montre aussi que nombre de nos concepts moraux — culpabilité, pardon, rédemption — trouvent leur origine dans les conflits antiques autour de la dette. L’ouvrage explore les alternances historiques entre sociétés de crédit et d’argent métallique, évoque les jubilés de dettes de l’Antiquité et interroge enfin la morale même du remboursement, en contestant l’idée que toute dette doive nécessairement être honorée.